DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHES

CHANGING NARRATION

THE EASIEST WAY TO KNOW THE RULES OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

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BASIC FEATURES OF TODAY'S CLASS

• Understanding Narration, its importance and uses. 
• Understanding its Formulas and Principles with Examples
• Solving Tips for Changing Narration from Direct to Indirect Speech.
• Today's Task to test your  Level of Understanding and Making you fit for the Examination. 
• ଆଜିର କ୍ଲାସଗୁଡିକର ମୌଳିକ  ବୈଶିଷ୍ଟ ଗୁଡିକ |
• ଏଥିରେ ଥିବା ନୀତି ନିୟମ ଓ ଏହାର ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଏବଂ ବ୍ୟବହାର |
• ଉଦାହରଣ ସହିତ ଏହାର ସୂତ୍ର ଏବଂ ନୀତିଗୁଡିକ ବୁଝିବା  |
• ସିଧାସଳଖରୁ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟରେ କାହାଣୀ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ପାଇଁ ଟିପ୍ସ ସମାଧାନ |
• ତୁମର ବୁଝାମଣା ର ସ୍ତର ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରିବା ଏବଂ ତୁମକୁ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଫିଟ୍ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଆଜିର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ |

ELABORATION OF ABOVE FEATURES

Planning for better class

Understanding Narration, its importance and its uses:-

    Narration is the method of our expression and communication of our words and sentences to another person that we want to transfer our feelings, emotions, views, information etc. It contains two ways of changing them. They are 1. Direct Speech and 2. Indirect Speech. Let's explain them in details-

Q1. What is a Direct Speech?

Ans- Direct Speech is the original language or expression of the Speaker himself. Such Speech contains the word arrangement of the Speaker's own. Let's know it through the following examples-

Q1। ସିଧାସଳଖ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟ କ’ଣ?

ଉତ୍ତର- ସିଧାସଳଖ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ବକ୍ତଙ୍କର  ମୂଳ ଭାଷା ବା ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି | ଏହିପରି ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟରେ ବକ୍ତଙ୍କର  ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରହିଛି | ଆସନ୍ତୁ ଏହାକୁ ନିମ୍ନ ଉଦାହରଣ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଜାଣିବା-

    Examples of Direct Speeches- 

• Harendra says, " I have a pet dog."
• Gopal says, " Govinda goes to school regularly."
• Suravi said, " I did the homework myself."
• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟର ଉଦାହରଣ-
• ହରେନ୍ଦ୍ର କୁହନ୍ତି, "ମୋର ଏକ ଗୃହପାଳିତ କୁକୁର ଅଛି।"
• ଗୋପାଳ କୁହନ୍ତି, "ଗୋବିନ୍ଦା ନିୟମିତ ସ୍କୁଲକୁ ଯାଆନ୍ତି।"
• ସୁରଭି କହିଛନ୍ତି, "ମୁଁ ନିଜେ ହୋମୱାର୍କ କରିଥିଲି।"

TIPS TO KNOW/ IDENTIFY DIRECT SPEECHES

👉 It contains a comma (, )  and inverted commas ("....")

👉 The pronoun used in the speech quoted inside the inverted commas is for the speaker himself.

ଜାଣିବା / ପରିଚୟ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ଟିପ୍ସ |

👉 ଏଥିରେ ଏକ କମା (,) ଏବଂ ଓଲଟା କମା ("....") ଥାଏ |

👉ଓଲଟା କମା ଭିତରେ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ସର୍ବନାମ  ନିଜେ ବକ୍ତା ପାଇଁ |

RULES OF CHANGING NARRATION FROM DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH

• Before knowing about Rules of Narration, you must know about Reporting Verb and Reporting Speech 
• The verb that remains close to the comma ( , )  is called Reporting Verb and the sentence inside the inverted commas ("...." ) is called the Reporting Speech. 
• These two items to be kept in mind very sincerely.
• 
  
• ପ୍ରତକ୍ଷ୍ୟରୁ ପରକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁ ପରିବର୍ତନ କରିବାର ନିୟମ -
• ପ୍ରତକ୍ଷ୍ୟରୁ ପରକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ବାକ୍ୟ  ନିୟମ ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ, ତୁମେ କ୍ରିୟା ରିପୋର୍ଟିଂ ଏବଂ ରିପୋର୍ଟିଂ ସ୍ପିଚ୍ ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବା ଜରୁରୀ |
• କମା (,) ର ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ କ୍ରିୟାକୁ ରିପୋର୍ଟିଂ କ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ଓଲଟା କମା ("....") ଭିତରେ ଥିବା ବାକ୍ୟକୁ ରିପୋର୍ଟିଂ ସ୍ପିଚ୍ କୁହାଯାଏ |
• ଏହି ଦୁଇଟି ଆଇଟମ୍ ଅତି ଆନ୍ତରିକତାର ସହିତ ମନେ ରଖିବାକୁ ହେବ |

LET'S ANALYSE THE CHANGES THAT COMES IN INDIRECT SPEECH 

1. Rule-1:- The symbols like comma ( , ) and inverted commas ( "....." ) are removed in Indirect Speech.
2. Rule-2:- After Reporting Verb new word- 'that' is used.
3. If the Reporting Verb is in Present Tense then-No Change is made for the Verb of Reporting  Speech while changing to Indirect Speech.

ଚାଲନ୍ତୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ କରିବା, ଯାହା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟରେ ଆସେ |

ନିୟମ -1: - ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଭାଷଣରେ କମା (,) ଏବଂ ଓଲଟା କମା (".....") ପରି ପ୍ରତୀକଗୁଡିକ ଅପସାରିତ ହୋଇଛି |

ନିୟମ-୨: - କ୍ରିୟା ରିପୋର୍ଟ କରିବା ପରେ ନୂତନ ଶବ୍ଦ- 'ଯାହା' ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ |

ଯଦି ରିପୋର୍ଟିଂ କ୍ରିୟା ପ୍ରେଜେଣ୍ଟ୍ ଟେନ୍ସରେ ଅଛି - ପରୋକ୍ଷ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବା ସମୟରେ ରିପୋର୍ଟିଂ ସ୍ପିଚ୍ ର କ୍ରିୟା ପାଇଁ କୌଣସି  ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଇ ନାହିଁ |

Let's have some examples-

Eg-1. Shyam says, " I am a football player." - This sentence is in Direct Speech.

                        ⬇️         ⬇️ 

            Reporting Verb   Pronoun

         in the present tense-for Subject, Shyam

It will be in Indirect Speech as- Shyam says that he is a football player.

ଚାଲ କିଛି ଉଦାହରଣ ଦେଖିବା -

1. ଶ୍ୟାମ କୁହନ୍ତି, "ମୁଁ ଜଣେ ଫୁଟବଲ ଖେଳାଳି।" - ଏହି ବାକ୍ୟଟି ସିଧାସଳଖ ବକ୍ତବ୍ୟରେ ଅଛି |

ଏହା ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଭାଷଣରେ ହେବ- ଶ୍ୟାମ କହିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେ ଜଣେ ଫୁଟବଲ ଖେଳାଳି |

 Tips- Note that as the Reporting Verb is the Present Tense, so when it is changed to Indirect Speech, No change in the Tense Form of the Reporting Speech been done. That means the sentence inside the inverted commas has been changed and retained in the Present tense. Only the pronoun  is changed from 'I' to 'he'

Let's see some more examples-

• Direct Speech- Gopi says, " I am a farmer. "

• Indirect Speech- Gopi says that he is a farmer.
• Direct Speech- Gopal has said, " Sita sings well."
• Indirect Speech- Gopal has said that sita sings well.
• Direct Speech- Gopal is saying, " Ratika can do this."
  
• Indirect Speech- Gopal is saying that Ratika can do that.

Tips- Keep in mind that the following adverbials are changed as below when the narration is done from Direct to Indirect Speech:-

1. This -------------=====------- that
2. These----------------=====--- those
3. Now---------------=====----- then
4. Today----------------=====-- that day
5. Yesterday----------------------the day before/ the previous day
6. The day before yesterd-----two days before
7. Tomorrow---------------------the next day/ the following day
8. This week----------------------that week
9. The day after tomorrow----in two day's time
10. Next week/year---------------the following week/year
11. Last week----------------------the week before/ the previous week
12. Last year--------------------- -the year before/ the previous year
13. Ago----------------------------- before
14. A year---------------------------a year before/ the previous year
15. Here---------------------------- there
16. There--------------------------- there
17. Thus------------------------------in that way

        Tips- The Modal Auxiliaries are also changed in the following manner:- 

              Words in Direct Speech                Changes to   

                Will------------------------------------- would
                Shall----------------------------------- should/ would
                Can---------------------------------- could
                 May---------------------------------- might

 

DEAR VIEWERS AND READERS READ MORE BELOW TO HAVE COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE ON IMPORTANT RULES OF CHANGING NARRATION WHEN THERE IS THE REPORTING VERB IS IN PAST TENSE

 

Rule-3.  The Reporting Sentence within inverted commas changes in the following manner as per tense when Direct Speech is changed to Indirect Speech-

Direct Speech                                                 Indirect Speech

👉 Present Simple ----------------------------------------Past Simple

 Example-1.    Direct Speech- Goutam said, " Hari is my friend."                                                 reporting verb is in past tense, so follow rules ↩                     ⬇️  

              Indirect Speech- Goutam said that Hari was his friend.

Example-2. Direct Speech- Govinda said, " I stand first in my class."

                    Indirect Speech- Govinda said that he stood first in his class.

👉 Present Progressive --------------------------------Past Progressive

Example-    Direct Speech- Govinda said," I am writing a letter."

                    Indirect Speech- Govinda said that he was writing a letter.   

                                               

 👉 Present Perfect -----------------------------------Past Perfect

  Example-    Direct Speech-  Govinda said," I have done this."

                    Indirect Speech- Govinda said that he had done that.

👉 Present Perfect Progressive --------------------Past Perfect Progressive

Example- Direct Speech-  Govinda said," I have been playing cricket."

                    Indirect Speech- Govinda said that he had been playing cricket.

Online Class

Rule-4 If the Reporting Verb is in Past Tense and the Reporting Speech within Inverted Commas are changed in the following manner for all tense categories of Past Tense.

Direct Speech -------- Indirect Speech

Past simple changes to Past Perfect Tense Form

Example- Direct Speech- Gopi said, " I did the work properly."

                  Indirect Speech- Gopi said that he had done the work properly.

Past Progressive changes to Past Perfect ProgressiveTense Form

Example-Direct Speech- Gopi said, " I was doing the work properly."

                  Indirect Speech- Gopi said that he had been doing the work properly.

Past Perfect remain same as Past Perfect Tense Form

Example-Direct Speech- Gopi said, " I had done the work properly."

                  Indirect Speech- Gopi said that he had done the work properly.

Past Perfect Progressive remain same as Past Perfect ProgressiveTense Form

Example-Direct Speech- Gopi said, " I had been doing the work properly."

                  Indirect Speech- Gopi said that he had been doing the work properly.

Explanatory Class

Rule-5: Reported Speech formulas for Future Time Sentences inside the inverted commas:- 

If the Reporting Verb is in the past tense and the Reporting Speech inside inverted commas changes in the following manner- Analyse the examples given below. 

Example-1. 

• Direct Speech- Hari said,"I shall go to the USA next month."
• Indirect Speech- Hari said that he should/would go to the USA the following month.
• Direct Speech- Hari said, " I shall be going to school tomorrow by this time".
• Indirect Speech- Hari said that he should/would be going to school the following day by that time.
• Direct Speech- Hari said, " I shall have gone to school."
• Indirect Speech- Hari said that he should/would have gone to school.
• Direct Speech- Hari said, " I shall have been doing the work. "
• Indirect Speech- Hari said that he should/would have been doing the work.

Rules 6. If the Reporting Speech is an Interrogative Sentence then the following changes take place while changing to Indirect Speech:

Interrogative Sentences may be of two types, like

1. Wh- question pattern and

2. Yes-no- question pattern

More Examples are given below for your reference-

Clarifying doubts

If the reporting speech  in Direct Speech within inverted commas is an Interrogative Sentence, then while changing into Indirect Speech the following changes take place. Observe the examples minutely for better understanding.

NB:- While changing the Interrogative Sentences  into Indirect Speech, the question mark is removed and sentence is turned from question form to statement form. 

Examples of  Wh- interrogation in Reporting Speech as per tense pattern formulas:-

Example-2( For Reporting Speech inside inverted commas in present Tense)

1. Direct Speech- Tomi said to me, " What is Lima doing?"
2. Indirect Speech-  Tomi asked me what Lima was doing.
3. Direct Speech-  Leena said to Hema, "Where do you live?"
4. Indirect Speech-  Leena asked/inquired Hema where she lived.
5. Direct Speech-  Haren said, " How can I help you?"
6. Indirect Speech-  Haren asked to himself how he could help me.
7. Direct Speech-  Sachin said to Bhusan, " What have you given to me?"
8. Indirect Speech-  Sachin asked Bhusan what he had given him. 
9. Direct Speech-  Krishna said, " What have you been doing since last month?"
10. Indirect Speech-  Krishna asked what I had been doing since the previous month.

Tips:- Mark that in Ex-2.1 the Reported Speech within inverted commas is an Interrogative Sentence in Present Progressive Form so, this sentence has been converted into Past Progressive. Similarly in Example-2.2 it is seen that the Reporting Speech in Direct Speech is an Interrogative Sentence in Present Simple Form. So it has been changed into Past Simple in Indirect Speech. The other use of Auxiliaries like " Can, could, Shall, Should, Will, Would, May, Might, etc are changed as per Rules meant for Future Time Sentences while changing narration.Vide  Example-2.7, you see the Reporting Speech of Direct Speech is in Present Perfect form, so it has been turned into Past Perfect form. Similarly Present Perfect Progressive form of interrogative sentence in Direct Speech is changed to Past Perfect Progressive form as cited in Example-2.9, 2.10

Examples-3 (For Reporting Speech inside inverted commas in Past Tense)

1. Direct Speech- Tilak said to Meera, " What did you do for me?"
2. Indirect Speech- Tilak asked Meera what she had done for him.
3. Direct Speech-  Babul said to Neha, " Where were you studying last year?"
4. Indirect Speech-  Babul asked Neha where she had been studying the previous year.
5. Direct Speech-  Bankim said, " How had you solved the sum?"
6. Indirect Speech-  Bankim asked/ wanted to know how I had solved the sum

Tips- Keep in mind that while changing the interrogative Sentences in Reporting Speech of Direct Speech which are in Past Tense form, thy follow the the rules like Past Simple to Past Perfect, Past Progressive to Past Perfect Progressive and Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive remain same as before. Vide the above examples and experience the fact. 

SOME MORE EXAMPLES OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHES

Examples of Declarative Pattern:-

 1) Direct Speech- Father said,"Dinesh will come to see you tonight."

     Indirect Speech- Father said that Dinesh would come to see me that night.

2) Direct Speech- The stranger said to the boy,"I may go to your school now."

    Indirect Speech- The stranger told the boy that he might come to our school then.

3) Direct Speech- Meera said to her teacher,"You didn't rectify my answers."

    Indirect Speech- Meera told her teacher that he had not rectified her answers.

4) Direct Speech- Manoj said to his friend,"Your sister can ring me any time."

   Indirect Speech-Manoj told his friend that his sister could ring him any time.

Tips-  Dear readers and viewers one thing that you must be aware of that while changing sentences from Direct to Indirect Speeches the following changes take place-

- Change of Pronouns - ସର୍ବନାମ ର ପରିବର୍ତନ 

my   changes to -  his/her 

Our  changes to   their

Your  changes  to  his / her/ their / my

I change to  he/ she

 - CHANGE OF VERBS -

Verbs are changed as per Rules of tense as given previously if  the Reporting Verb is in Past tense. The following changes usually take place-

1. Present Simple becomes Past Simple

2. Present Progressive becomes Past Progressive

3. Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect

4. Present Perfect Progressive becomes Past Perfect Progressive

1. Past Simple becomes Past Perfect

2. Past Progressive becomes Past Perfect Progressive

3. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive  remain same as Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive.

- CHANGE OF ADVERBIALS-

Adverbs of Time-  

1. today changes to that day

2. Yesterday changes to the day before /the previous day.

3. Tomorrow changes to the next day / the following day.

 4. Now changes to then

5. next changes to the following

6. Last changes to the previous

7. Tonight changes to that night.

Adverbs of Place-

1. This place changes to that place

2. These things changes to those things

3. Here changes to there

SOME MORE EXAMPLES OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHES

Examples of Yes-No Interrogative Pattern:-

1. Direct Speech- The doctor said to me,"Do you have pain in the stomach."

    Indirect Speech- The doctor asked me if I had pain in the stomach.

2. Direct Speech- The beggar said to me, "Have you a five-rupee note?"

     Indirect Speech-The beggar asked me if I had a five-rupee note.

3. Direct Speech- The drillmaster said to the children," Can you follow my tips?"

     Indirect Speech-The drill master asked the children if they could follow his tips.

                                         

a 

N

Narration 

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